python之BeautifulSoup模块

文章最后更新时间为:2018年08月14日 10:07:13

前面我们介绍了requests库,简单入门了re正则表达式的基本用法,这次要介绍的是Beautiful Soup库,这是一个用于解析html或者xml文档的库,是解析、遍历、维护标签树的功能库。

尽管re正则已经可以处理和提取绝大多数的文档,但是配合Beautiful Soup库可以给我们带来极大的方便。

一、Beautiful Soup库的安装

Beautiful Soup库的安装最简单是用pip安装

在cmd下输入以下命令即可进行安装。

pip install beautifulsoup4

如果遇到问题可以下载安装包手动安装。网址:
https://www.crummy.com/software/BeautifulSoup/

具体安装过程不再繁述。如有问题可百度安装教程。

安装完成后我们来检测一下:

输入以下命令不出错即安装成功。

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup

二、Beautiful Soup库的使用

1、Beautiful Soup库的引用:

Beautiful Soup库也叫beautifulsoup4或者bs4。约定引用方式如下:

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import bs4

可看出主要用的是BeautifulSoup类。

2、BeautifulSoup解析器

BeautifulSoup可以解析多种格式的文档.
可以被用作不同的解析器

如:

soup=BeautifulSoup('<html>data</html>','html.parser')

其中html.parser就是基于bs4的html解析。

解析器使用方法使用前提
bs4的html解析器html.parser安装bs4库
lxml的html解析器lxmlpip install lxml
lxml的xml解析器xmlpip install xml
html5lib的解析器html5libpip install html5lib

3、BeautifulSoup类的基本元素

基本元素说明
Tag标签,最基本的信息组织方式
Name标签的名字,< p >...< \p >的名字是'p',格式:< tag >.name
Attributes标签的属性,字典形式组织,格式< tag >.attrs
NavigableString标签内非属性字符串,<>...<>中字符串,格式< tag >.string
Comment标签内字符串的注释部分,一种特殊的Comment类型

代码演示:

>>> from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
>>> import requests
>>> demo=requests.get('https://python123.io/ws/demo.html').text
>>> print(demo)
<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>

<body>

<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>

<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:

<a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" class="py1" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" class="py2" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>

</body></html>

>>> soup=BeautifulSoup(demo,'html.parser')

#获取Tag标签内容
>>> soup.title   
<title>This is a python demo page</title>
>>> soup.a
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>

# 获取Tag标签名
>>> soup.a.name
'a'
>>> soup.p.name
'p'
>>> soup.a.parent.name
'p'
>>> soup.a.parent.parent.name
'body'

#获取Tag的attrs(属性),返回字典
>>> soup.a.attrs
{'href': 'http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001', 'class': ['py1'], 'id': 'link1'}
>>> soup.a.attrs['class']
['py1']

#获取Tag的NavigableString(无属性字符串)
>>> soup.a.string
'Basic Python'

#获取Tag内的注释部分          
>>> newsoup=BeautifulSoup('<b><!-this is a comment--></b><p>this is content</p>','html.parser')
>>> newsoup.b.string
'this is a comment'

#comment和NavigableString的类型不同!
>>> type(newsoup.b.string)
<class 'bs4.element.Comment'>
>>> type(newsoup.p.string)
<class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>

4、BeautifulSoup的内容遍历方法

对于文档的标签遍历可分为下行遍历、上行遍历和平行遍历。

先来了解一下怎么找到一个标签的子标签和父标签和兄弟标签

  • 下行遍历

    属性说明
    .contents子节点的列表,将< tag >所有儿子节点存入列表
    .children子节点的迭代类型,与.contents类似,用于循环遍历儿子节点
    .descendants子孙节点的迭代类型,包含所有子孙节点,用于遍历循环

代码举例:

>>> from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
>>> import requests
>>> demo=requests.get('https://python123.io/ws/demo.html')
>>> demo
<Response [200]>
>>> demo=requests.get('https://python123.io/ws/demo.html').text
>>> print(demo)
<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>

<body>

<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>

<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:

<a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" class="py1" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" class="py2" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>

</body></html>


#contents返回子节点的列表
>>> print(soup.body.contents)
['\n', <p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>, '\n', <p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>, '\n']

>>> len(soup.body.contents)
5
>>> print(soup.body.contents[1])
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>

一般我们标签树的下行遍历是:

for child in soup.body.children:

print(child)

for child in soup..body.descendants:

print(child)
  • 上行遍历
属性说明
.parent节点的父亲标签
.parents节点先辈标签的迭代类型,用于循环遍历先辈标签
#父亲标签
>>> soup.title.parent
<head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>

#遍历先辈标签
>>> for parent in soup.a.parents:
    if parent is None:
        print(parent)
    else:
        print(parent.name)
        
p
body
html
[document]
  • 平行遍历
属性说明
.next_sibling返回按照html文本顺序的下一个平行节点标签
.previous_sibling返回按照html文本顺序的上一个平行节点标签
.next_siblings迭代类型,返回按照html文本顺序的后续所有平行节点标签
.previous_siblings迭代类型,返回按照html文本顺序的前续所有平行节点标签

迭代一般语法:

for sibling in soup.a.next_sibling:
    print(sibling)
for sibling in soup.a.previous_sibling:
    print(sibling)        

具体用法同上基本类似。

5、bs库的prettify()方法
能否让html内容更加友好的显示。这里有一个可以处理html显示格式的方法

.prettify()为html文本<>及其内容增加'\n'
.prettify()可用于标签,方法:< tag >.prettify()

我们来看一下具体效果

>>> soup
<html><head><title>This is a python demo page</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b></p>
<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:

<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>
</body></html>


# 
>>> soup.prettify()
'<html>\n <head>\n  <title>\n   This is a python demo page\n  </title>\n </head>\n <body>\n  <p class="title">\n   <b>\n    The demo python introduces several python courses.\n   </b>\n  </p>\n  <p class="course">\n   Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:\n   <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">\n    Basic Python\n   </a>\n   and\n   <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">\n    Advanced Python\n   </a>\n   .\n  </p>\n </body>\n</html>'


>>> print(soup.prettify())
<html>
 <head>
  <title>
   This is a python demo page
  </title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <p class="title">
   <b>
    The demo python introduces several python courses.
   </b>
  </p>
  <p class="course">
   Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
   <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">
    Basic Python
   </a>
   and
   <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">
    Advanced Python
   </a>
   .
  </p>
 </body>
</html>

怎么样是不是好看多了。

三、基于bs4库的html内容查找方法

这里主要介绍find_all方法,该方法返回一个列表类型,存储查找的结果。

具体格式如下:

<>.find_all ( name, attrs, recursive, string, **kwargs)
  • name: 对标签名称的检索字符串
  • attrs:对标签属性值的检索字符串,可标注属性检索。
  • recursive:是否对子孙全部检索,默认为True
  • string:< >...< /> 中字符串区域的检索字符串
  • **kwargs :控制参数

先上代码就很清楚明了了

#1、name 对a标签名称的检索字符串。返回列表
>>> soup.find_all('a')
[<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>, <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>]

# 同时检索a,b标签
>>> soup.find_all(['a','b'])
[<b>The demo python introduces several python courses.</b>, <a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a>, <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>]

#2、标注了属性course
>>> soup.find_all('p','course')
[<p class="course">Python is a wonderful general-purpose programming language. You can learn Python from novice to professional by tracking the following courses:
<a class="py1" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-268001" id="link1">Basic Python</a> and <a class="py2" href="http://www.icourse163.org/course/BIT-1001870001" id="link2">Advanced Python</a>.</p>]

#3、调整recursive为False
>>> soup.find_all('a',recursive=False)
[]


#4、设置string,寻找内容为string的字符串,返回列表
>>> soup.find_all(string='Advanced Python')
['Advanced Python']
>>> import re
>>> soup.find_all(string=re.compile('python'))
['This is a python demo page', 'The demo python introduces several python courses.']

这里有一个简便一点的方法

  1. < tag >(...)等价于< tag >.find_all(...)
  2. soup()等价于soup.find_all(...)

最后总结一下除了find_all之外还有其他的扩展方法:

方法说明
< >.find()搜索只返回一个结果,同find_all()参数
< >.find_parents()在先辈节点中搜索,搜索返回一个列表,同find_all()参数
< >.find_parent()在先辈节点中搜索,搜索只返回一个结果,同find()参数
< >.find_next_siblings()在后续节点中搜索,搜索返回一个列表,同find_all()参数
< >.find_next_sibling()在后续节点中搜索,搜索返回一个结果,同find()参数
< >.find_precvious_siblings()在前序节点中搜索,搜索返回一个列表,同find_all()参数
< >.find_precvious_sibling()在前序节点中搜索,搜索返回一个结果,同find()参数

到这里我们就可以对大多数基本网页的爬取了。

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